Effects of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, on development of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

Pyriproxyfen, an analog of the juvenile hormone (JH) in insects, has been evaluated in vivo and in vitro on an important stored product pest, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. On newly ecdysed pupae, this insect growth regulator (IGR) was applied topically (at 0.10 and 0.20 μg/insect). Enzyme immunoassay measurements showed a decrease of the ecdysteroid titer in the hemolymph of treated specimens. In addition, the treatment induced an increase of the protein concentration in the hemolymph, however, there was no significant effect on the protein band pattern. Using in vitro pupal integument explant cultures, pyriproxyfen (at 1 and 10 μM in the medium) caused a significant inhibition of ecdysteroid amounts and of the thickness of new cuticle secreted. These new results are discussed in relation to the physiology of this IGR with a JH action.     

不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、肠道消化酶及血清指标的影响

为探究不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、体成分、肠道消化酶和血清指标的影响,以初始体质量(398.6±5.9)g的大规格草鱼为研究对象,设置不同碳水化合物/蛋白质水平分别为C31P30、C34P28、C37P26、C40P24、C43P22、C46P20、C49P18的7组膨化饲料,养殖周期为16周。实验结果显示,各饲料组草鱼成活率(SR)差异不显著,随着蛋白质水平的下降、碳水化合物水平的升高,增重率(WGR)呈下降趋势,蛋白质效率(PER)呈升高趋势;肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肠体比(ISI)、肌肉和肝脏粗脂肪(CF)含量均有随饲料碳水化合物水平升高而升高的趋势。随着饲料中碳水化合物水平升高、蛋白质水平下降,各组间草鱼肌肉粗蛋白质(CP)含量无显著差异;肝糖原、肌糖原含量呈升高趋势,饲料中碳水化合物水平分别高于46%和40%时,肝糖原、肌糖原含量显著升高。肠道胰蛋白酶(PRS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性随饲料中碳水化合物水平的升高呈先下降后升高趋势,脂肪酶(LPS)活性呈升高趋势;血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量及谷草转氨酶与丙转氨酶(GOT/GPT)比值都随饲料中碳水化合物水平升高和蛋白质水平下降而呈升高的趋势。本实验结果显示:当饲料碳水化合物水平高于37%、蛋白质水平低于26%时,将显著影响草鱼的生长,饲料中高碳水化合物水平将导致鱼体肝体比、脏体比、肠体比以及肌肉和肝脏脂肪含量升高。     

草鱼JAK2基因片段序列的克隆及其组织表达分析

通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法从草鱼肝脏中首次克隆获得草鱼JAK2基因的片段序列。该片段序列长671 bp,编码223个氨基酸,氨基酸序列分析表明草鱼JAK2基因片段与其他物种的相似性在70%～91%之间;系统进化树显示,鱼类的JAK2独立聚成一支,草鱼与斑马鱼聚成一支,与鳜鱼和墨绿凹鼻鲀聚成的一支再聚成一支。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,草鱼JAK2基因在肝脏、肌肉、脑、心脏、脾脏和肠系膜脂肪组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏组织中表达量最高,显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),其次是肌肉、脑、脾脏和肠系膜脂肪组织,在心脏组织中表达量最低,且显著低于其他组织(P<0.05)。本研究为进一步研究草鱼JAK2基因的结构和功能奠定了基础。研究亮点:JAK2基因在鱼类上的研究报道甚少。本研究首次克隆了草鱼JAK2基因片段序列;且发现JAK2基因在肝脏组织中表达量最高,心脏组织中表达量最低,为草鱼JAK2基因的结构及其信号转导等生理功能的深入研究奠定了基础。     

80%赖氨酸硫酸盐与98%赖氨酸盐酸盐对生长中期草鱼生长性能、消化吸收能力和消化器官生长发育影响的比较研究

本试验通过比较80%赖氨酸硫酸盐[80%L-Lys·H2SO4,简称80赖氨酸(80-Lys)]与98%赖氨酸盐酸盐[98%L-Lys·HCl,简称98赖氨酸(98-Lys)]对生长中期草鱼生长性能、消化吸收能力和消化器官生长发育的影响,探讨80-Lys和98-Lys在草鱼上的生物效价并确定以80-Lys为赖氨酸(Lys)添加形式时饲料中Lys的适宜含量。选择初始体重为275.80 g左右的健康草鱼540尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼),分别饲喂Lys含量为0.8%(基础饲料)、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%和1.6%的添加80-Lys的饲料及Lys含量为1.2%的添加98-Lys的饲料60 d。结果表明:与基础饲料相比,饲料中添加适宜水平的80-Lys使饲料Lys含量达到1.2%时可显著提高生长中期草鱼的增重率(W GR),特定生长率(SGR),采食量(FI),全肠脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力,肝胰脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力,前、中、后肠碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、肌酸激酶(CK)活力,肝体指数与肠体指数以及前、后肠皱襞高度(P0.05),显著降低血清GOT和GPT活力(P0.05),且80-Lys对上述指标的作用效果显著优于98-Lys(P0.05);此外,还可显著提高生长中期草鱼的饲料效率(FE),全肠胰蛋白酶活力,前、中、后肠Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)和γ-谷胺酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活力,肠长与肠长指数以及中肠皱襞高度(P0.05),但80-Lys对上述指标的作用效果与98-Lys差异不显著(P0.05)。由此得出,与98-Lys相比,80-Lys能更有效地提高生长中期草鱼的消化吸收能力,进而促进其生长。以80-Lys为Lys添加形式,以SGR和FE为标识,生长中期草鱼(276~667 g)饲料中Lys的最适含量分别为1.31%(占饲料蛋白质的4.68%)和1.27%(占饲料蛋白质的4.54%)。     

运用生物能量学模型预测草鱼生长、饲料需求和污染排放

为预测不同生长阶段草鱼生长性能、饲料需求量和污染排放量,提高草鱼投喂管理水平,本研究运用特定增长率(SGR)、日增长率(DGC)、日均增重(ADG)和热积温系数(TGC)等生长模型计算草鱼在不同生长阶段的生长速率,并通过计算定期采样中实际观测值和预测值最小残差平方和法选出最优生长模型。饲料需求模型通过估算鱼类消化能需求量决定,根据能量收支原理,通过计算鱼体储积能(RE)、基础代谢能(He E)、摄食热增能(Hi E)以及尿液和鳃的代谢能(UE+ZE),来估算草鱼的消化能,再根据所用饲料的消化能含量来确定草鱼对饲料的需求量。草鱼污染物排放主要采用营养物质平衡法计算。在模型验证时,以粗蛋白分别为33%、28%、23%的饲料投喂不同生长阶段的草鱼,将草鱼体质量和饲料系数(FCR)的模型预测值与实际观测值进行比较。结果显示,与其他生长模型(SGR、ADG、DGC)相比,调整后的TGC模型能更精确预测草鱼的生长情况;草鱼体质量和FCR预测值与观测值之间显著相关;每生产1 t鱼(体质量为0.5~2 500 g),其消化能需求量约为1.55×107 k J,消耗1 t饲料或生产1 t鱼所排放的总固态污染物分别为440和623 kg。研究表明,该复合性营养模型可以有效地估计实际养殖中草鱼生长、饲料需求量和污染物排放量,有望为草鱼差异化上市、节省饲料成本、减少饲料浪费以及养殖场的污染评价提供有效的预判工具。     

草鱼野生与选育群体遗传变异微卫星分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化,实验采用多重PCR技术对4个野生草鱼群体(邗江、九江、石首、吴江)和2个选育群体(F1和F2)进行了微卫星序列遗传变异分析。结果显示,6个草鱼群体遗传多样性水平较高,2个选育群体除了平均等位基因数外,其他遗传多样性参数均小于4个野生群体。哈迪—温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)检测显示,在120个群体—位点组合中有62个位点显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,62个群体—位点组合中只有11个组合其近交系数值为负值,其余的51个组合的Fis均为正值。6个草鱼群体AMOVA分析结果显示,3.75%的变异来自于群体间,96.25%的变异来自于群体内,整体的遗传分化指数值为0.038。进一步分析各个群体间Fst,只有石首群体与F1、F2群体之间的Fst大于0.05,处于中等分化,其余群体间分化程度较低,且F2群体与4个野生群体之间Fst比F1群体与4个野生群体之间的Fst大。奈氏标准遗传距离分析结果显示,2个选育群体与野生群体之间的遗传距离大于野生群体之间的遗传距离。基于Dn建立的UPGMA系统发育树得出了相同的结果,即2个选育群体与野生群体之间的亲缘关系比4个野生群体之间的亲缘关系要远。研究表明,经过2个世代选育后,相比4个野生群体,2个选育群体遗传多样性虽有部分下降,但仍处于较高的水平,2个选育群体的遗传结构已发生变化,但其遗传分化程度尚不明显。本研究结果为制定出更加完善有效的选育方案提供了重要参考。     

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance and oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) on feed intake, weight gain and antioxidant activity in juvenile grass carp (11.2 ± 0.03 g). Six Se levels (0.13, 0.41, 0.56, 1.12, 2.18 and 4.31 mg/kg) of semi‐purified diets were assayed in triplicate. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake were obtained in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was markedly increased when dietary Se ≤1.12 mg/kg diet and reached a plateau when dietary Se ≥1.12 mg/kg diet. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and serum catalase activities in juvenile grass carp fed with 0.56, 1.12 and 2.18 mg Se/kg diets were all significantly higher than those in the other groups. The malondialdehyde content in liver and serum was firstly decreased and then increased with increasing dietary Se content, and the lowest content was observed in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. With the increase in Se level, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were reduced. In addition, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content were highest in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. This study indicated that both the Se deficiency and excess of Se caused negative effect on the oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp and suggested that the health‐giving concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 1.12 mg/kg diet. Moreover, based on the broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain, the optimal concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 0.83 mg/kg for juvenile grass carp.     

Effects of supplemental phytic acid on the apparent digestibility and utilization of dietary amino acids and minerals in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of supplemental phytic acid (PA) on the apparent digestibility and utilization of dietary amino acids (AAs) and minerals in juvenile grass carp. Five experimental diets consisted of graded levels of PA (0.2, 4.7, 9.5, 19.1 and 38.3 g kg^?1, named as P0, P5, P10, P20 and P40). Triplicate groups of fish (initial weight, 22.37 ± 0.16 g) were fed twice daily (08:00 and 16:00 h). The crude protein content in whole body significantly (p < .05) decreased in fish fed with 19.1 and 38.3 g PA kg^?1 diet. Supplemental PA (>4.7 g kg^?1) significantly reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of AAs (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, Pro, His and Arg) and the ADC of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in grass carp. The contents of minerals (P, Ca, Mg and Zn) in whole body and bone were also found to be significantly reduced in dietary PA > 4.7 g kg^?1, while the bone ash, serum Alkp and Zn contents were found to be significantly decreased when the PA supplementation level was above 9.5 g kg^?1, and the contents of serum Ca and Mg were found to be markedly altered in higher PA‐supplemented groups. The results indicated that supplemental PA decreased the apparent digestibility and utilization of AAs and minerals, and thus reduced the feed utilization of grass carp, suggesting that the level of total PA should be below 4.7 g kg^?1 in grass carp diet.     

高脂日粮添加胆汁酸对草鱼组织脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究高脂日粮添加胆汁酸对草鱼组织脂肪酸组成的影响,以豆油为主要油脂源设计3组等氮实用日粮,分别饲喂96尾草鱼(初体质量69.86g±6.24g)8周,设置对照组(CT,蛋白350g/kg,脂肪50g/kg)、高脂组(HL,蛋白350g/kg,脂肪70g/kg)与胆汁酸组(BA,蛋白350g/kg,脂肪70g/kg,胆汁酸60mg/kg)。结果表明,组织脂肪酸组成反映饲料脂肪酸组成。BA组腹腔脂肪组织中总脂肪酸、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和亚油酸(LA,18∶2n-6)占油脂的质量百分比显著低于HL组,其在肝胰脏中趋势相反。与HL组相比,BA组肝胰脏中n-3PUFA占总脂肪酸的质量百分比显著升高,肌肉中则降低。3组肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占油脂的质量百分比无显著差异;BA组腹腔脂肪组织中SFA占油脂的质量百分比显著低于HL组。BA组组织与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关性显著高于HL组,HL组显著高于CT组。综上所述,胆汁酸可能调控组织间脂肪酸的转运与蓄积,并提高组织与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关性。